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Diabetes Information |
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Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes affects the manner in which the body handles digested carbohydrates. If neglected, diabetes can cause serious health complications, ranging from blindness to kidney failure. Approximately 8% of the population in the United States has diabetes. This means that approximately 16 million people have been diagnosed with the disease, based only on national statistics. The American Diabetes Association estimates that diabetes accounts for 178,000 deaths, 54,000 amputees, and 12,000-24,000 cases of blindness annually. Blindness is 25 times more common among diabetic patients compared to nondiabetics. It is proposed that by the year 2010, diabetes will exceed both heart disease and cancer as the leading cause of death through its many complications. Diabetics have a high level of blood glucose. The blood sugar level is regulated by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, which releases it in response to food consumption. Insulin causes the cells of the body to take in glucose from the blood. The glucose is used as fuel for cellular functions. Diagnostic standards for diabetes have been fasting plasma glucose levels greater than 140 mg/dL on two occasions and plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL following a 75-gram glucose load. More recently, the American Diabetes Association lowered the criteria for a diabetes diagnosis to fasting plasma glucose levels equal to or greater than 126 mg/dL. Fasting plasma levels outside the normal limit require additional tests, usually by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test and (if indicated) giving the patient an oral glucose tolerance test. The symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, excessive thirst and hunger, sudden weight loss, blurred vision, delay in healing of wounds, dry and itchy skin, repeated infections, fatigue and headache. These symptoms, while suggestive of diabetes, may be due to other reasons also. There are two different types of diabetes. Type I Diabetes (juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes): The cause of type I diabetes is caused by pancreatic inability to produce insulin. It is responsible for 5-10% of cases of diabetes. The pancreatic Islet of Langerhans cells, which secrete the hormone, are destroyed by the body's own immune system, probably because it mistakes them for a virus. Viral infections are thought to be the trigger that sets off this auto-immune disease. It is more common in caucasians and runs in families. If untreated, death occurs within a few months of the onset of juvenile diabetes, as the cells of the body starve because they no longer receive the hormonal prompt to take in glucose. While most Type I diabetics are young (hence the term Juvenile Diabetes), the condition can develop at any age. Autoimmune diabetes can be definitely diagnosed by a blood test which shows the presence of anti-insulin/anti-islet-cell antibodies. Type II Diabetes (non insulin dependent diabetes or adult onset diabetes): This diabetes is a result of body tissues becoming resistant to insulin. It accounts for 90-95% of cases. Often the pancreas is producing more than average amounts of insulin, but the cells of the body have become unresponsive to its effect due to the chronically high level of the hormone. Eventually the pancreas may exhaust its over-active secretion of the hormone, and insulin levels fall to below normal. A tendency towards Type II diabetes is hereditary, but it is unlikely to develop in normal-weight individuals eating a low- or moderate-carbohydrate diet. Obese, sedentary individuals who eat poor-quality diets based on refined starch, which constantly activates pancreatic insulin secretion, are prone to develop insulin resistance. Native peoples such as North American Indians whose traditional diets did not include refined starch until its recent introduction by Europeans have extremely high rates of diabetes, up to 5 times the rate of caucasians. Blacks and hispanics are also at higher risk. Though Type II diabetes is not fatal within a matter of months, it can lead to health complications over several years and cause severe disability and premature death. As with Type I diabetes, the condition is found primarily in one age group, in this case people over 40 (which is why it is often termed Adult Onset); however, with the rise in childhood and teenage obesity, it is appearing in children as well. If neglected, diabetes can lead to life-threatening complications such as kidney damage (nephropathy), heart disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), retinal damage and blindness(retinopathy), and hypoglycemia (drastic reduction in glucose levels). Diabetes damages blood vessels, especially smaller end-arteries, leading to severe and premature atherosclerosis. Diabetics are prone to foot problems because neuropathy, which affects approximately 10% of patients, causes their feet to lose sensation. Foot injuries, common in day-to-day living, go unnoticed, and these injuries do not heal because of poor circulation through the small arteries in the foot. Gangrene and subsequent amputation of toes or feet is the consequence for many elderly patients with poorly-controlled diabetes. Usually these sequelae appear earlier in Type I than Type II diabetes, because Type II patients have some of their own insulin production left to buffer changes in blood sugar levels. Type I diabetes is a serious disease and there is no permanent cure for it. However, the symptoms can be controlled by strict dietary monitering and insulin injections. Implanted pumps which release insulin immediately in response to changes in blood glucose are in the testing stages. In theory, since it caused by diet, Type II diabetes should be preventable and manageable by dietary changes alone, but in practice many diabetics (and many obese people without diabetes) find it personally impossible to lose weight or adhere to a healthy diet. Therefore they are frequently treated with drugs which restore the body's response to insulin, and in some cases injections of insulin. Please note that this article is not a subsitute for medical advice. If you suspect you have diabetes or are in a high risk group, please see your doctor. For more information, please visit our site,http://www.diabetes-testing-2006.info Frank Vanderlugt
MORE RESOURCES: Sotagliflozin Shows Benefit When Added to Insulin for Type 1 Diabetes - Managed Healthcare Executive Sotagliflozin Shows Benefit When Added to Insulin for Type 1 Diabetes Managed Healthcare Executive 3D Printing Could Enable Long-Term Islet Transplantation in Type I Diabetes Inside Precision Medicine Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): What to know if you have diabetes or prediabetes or are at risk for these conditions Harvard Health Why These Three Wearables Stocks Just Hit The Skids Investor's Business Daily England’s successful diabetes prevention program as blueprint for Canada McGill University Diabetes: Swapping diet soda for water boosts chances of remission MedicalNewsToday Islet Cell Therapy Has Potential to Cure Type 1 Diabetes Managed Healthcare Executive 3D-printed pancreas cells could offer the future of diabetes treatment in world-first breakthrough UNILAD Tech Over Decades, A Healthy Lifestyle Outperforms Metformin in Preventing Onset of Type 2 Diabetes The University of New Mexico How Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Can Induce Diabetes Yale School of Medicine Painless diabetes patch to replace needle pricks University of Waterloo Prediabetes: Just over 2 hours of exercise a week could reverse it MedicalNewsToday Stem cell therapies for diabetes nature.com The effect of barley savigh consumption on blood sugar among pre-diabetic postmenopausal women nature.com Relationship between free fatty acids and diabetic retinopathy in male patients with type 2 diabetes nature.com Magnesium and Diabetes: Benefits, Deficiency, and More HealthCentral All-cause hospital admissions and incidence of type 2 diabetes among adolescents in Kazakhstan nature.com Gestational Diabetes Risk Flagged by Gut Microbes Inside Precision Medicine Identification of comorbid genes between type 2 diabetes and migraine through peripheral blood single-cell and Mendelian randomization analysis The Journal of Headache and Pain Progression from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes can be predicted: Researchers University of Toronto People with severe diabetes cured in small stem cell trial The Conversation Persian version of diabetes burnout scale among patients with type 2 diabetes: a validation study BMC Endocrine Disorders Smart Insulin Pen Cap System Shows Sustained Glycemic Improvement Over 12 Months | ADA 2025 Drug Topics Protoemics diabetes test gets important US health insurance nod The Sydney Morning Herald New study suggests a shift in diabetes testing after pregnancy to improve women's health Sinai Health Identification of circulating inflammation cytokines as a mediator of gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Mendelian randomization study Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome Tandem Diabetes Care to Announce Second Quarter 2025 Financial Results on August 6, 2025 Business Wire Son’s diabetes diagnosis sent scientist on quest for cure Harvard Gazette Phillip’s diabetes story: “My whole life changed.” Government of Prince Edward Island U.S. Pediatric Diabetes Management Market Report, 2033 Grand View Research ‘Mittayi’ turns bitter: Diabetic kids in Kerala hit hard by change in insulin regime The New Indian Express The rising rate of type 2 diabetes in young New Zealanders is becoming a health crisis The Conversation Predictmedix AI Expands into Mobile Diagnostics with New AI-Driven Diabetes Screening Platform Business Wire No more insulin shots? This 3D-printed scientific leap could change diabetes treatment forever The Economic Times How to Prevent Alarm Fatigue in Diabetes Healthline Closed-loop therapy improves glycemic control in pregnant women with T1D Contemporary OB/GYN People with severe diabetes cured in small stem cell trial Medical Xpress Stopping diabetes at the YMCA cihr-irsc.gc.ca Diabetes World Health Organization (WHO) New clinical practice guidelines for type 1 diabetes released Breakthrough T1D Canada Telemedicine Inequities Identified Among Patients With Diabetes Physician's Weekly Music Duo The War and Treaty on Managing His Type 2 Diabetes—and Getting Healthier Together The Healthy @Reader's Digest Effects of canagliflozin on cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Endocrine Disorders Diabetes and Depression National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) ‘Sweat, spike, solve’: Research suggests a new strategy for people with Type 1 diabetes to lower blood sugar after exercise University of Alberta Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients - Endotext National Institutes of Health (NIH) | (.gov) |
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